Photo above: The first group before their departure from Schiphol. Front row, from left to right: Emmanuel, Margaret, Fidelia, Victoria and Udo Udo. Behind them, their carer Evelien de Jong Winkler

Nathan visited Nigeria several times in 1967. He managed to arrange a plane that he used to fly in cargos of oranges and salami sausages – not the most suitable sort of food for doomed children, but nobody reproached him for that. Nathan had made a name for himself as a peace activist in 1966, when he flew solo from Israel to Egypt because he thought it was about time for peace talks and wanted to help get things started. His mission was unsuccessful, but it made him world-famous.

The Biafran War reminded Nathan of the Second World War, and it was no great leap to compare what was taking place here with the persecution of Jews. In the garden of the hospital where Adrie Voorhoeve worked, Nathan – this distinguished-looking man who served porridge to starving children – addressed the world press: ‘I stand here today as a Jew, as an Israelite, and as a living being. I believe I must do something. It is the duty of all people to come here and lend a hand’, he told a Dutch camera team, ‘We’re able to get to the moon, but we can’t eradicate hunger from the world.’

He had put his finger precisely on the sore point, because people were unwilling to simply stand by and watch so soon after the Second World War. Children collected bottle tops to generate money; adults demonstrated and donated. Nathan’s views were in line with those of a group of Dutch businessmen who had a plan to fly more children over, give them medical treatment, and then fly them back. The men made frequent appearances in the media, to great effect.

In September 1968, the question ‘Can we take in children from Biafra?’ was discussed in the Dutch parliament. The Minister for Justice and Security, Carel Polak, consented to allowing two groups of five children into the country; he was not in a position to endanger relations with the Nigerian government, because Royal Dutch Shell had for some time been drilling for oil in the war zone.

Photo above: The second group. From left to right: Asuquo, Chukwudi, Onuekwuzunma and Joy. Photograph by Daniel Koning

Abie Nathan’s aim was to introduce European children to their Biafran peers, believing it would be a learning experience for all concerned. He was an initiator, not an implementer. He used his charm to win over not just the nursing staff, but also the Pope, Indira Gandhi and John Lennon. He also cajoled the Biafran military leader Emeka Ojukwu (1933-2011) into allowing children to go to the Netherlands. Together, they played on the sentiment that this was not just any war, and that it should not be allowed to simply slip from the world’s gaze. Ojukwu even hired in an Geneva-based advertising company for the purpose, and gave press conferences in the garden of his house in Enugu, close to the warfront.

The Dutch nurse Henriette Liscaljet (1934-2001) was deeply impressed by the exotic figure of Nathan. She selected children, arranged visas and, together with Nathan, brought the first group to the Netherlands. Later, Liscaljet and the second group got stranded on the island of Sao Tomé. By that time Nathan was focusing on another project, the Biafra Christmas Ship. Nonetheless, after weeks of delay, Liscaljet miraculously managed to reach the Netherlands with her group of critically ill children.

Upon their arrival on 13 December 1968, the children were admitted to Princess Irene Children’s Hospital in Arnhem. Two of the boys died, and were buried in the city’s Moscowa cemetery. After three months in the country, 2-year-old Joy was taken in by a family in Uithoorn. The two surviving boys, 18-month-old Chukwudi and 5-year-old Asuquo, stayed together and went to Bio, a rehabilitation centre in Arnhem. They were inseparable, despite going to different foster families every weekend: the younger of the two would stay with the physiotherapist Cock van den Berg and his wife Clara, while the older boy went to stay with Henk Gemser (later the national skating coach) and his wife Annie. Asuquo suffered from severe epilepsy, but Gemser was able to teach and to read and write.

After the war ended in 1970, a heated dispute arose about the fate of the three children. On multiple occasions the Nigerian ambassador told the chair of Terre des Hommes that, ‘These children belong to Nigeria’. None of the foster parents wanted to let the children go. Chukwudi was unable to travel anyways because he still had to undergo operations, and Joy’s carers deflected the demands with a psychological report that questioned who would benefit if she were to return.

Pressure was exerted on Henk and Annie Gemser, with the physician responsible writing in a report that, ‘It cannot be expected of a Dutch couple that they take in such a child.’

The Gemser’s had no choice but to hand over the boy to a carer from Terre des Hommes. She took him to Gabon, from where you travel to Nigeria. In late October 1971 the news came of Asuquo’s death, causes unknown. ‘I have been unable to process this trauma,’ said Henk Gemser in 2007.

The two that remained are now aged around 50 – neither knows their exact age. One of them lives in Amersfoort, the other in Amsterdam. Until recently they were unaware of what lay behind their presence in the Netherlands or what had happened to the others. All they did know was the story of the man named Abie Nathan, to whom they owed their lives. Terre des Hommes was unable to provide details about their past, so information is limited to this: Your parents have died, everybody was dead, and then Abie Nathan came in his aeroplane and saved you.

This article was published in de Volkskrant in oktober 2017. Translation Steve Green.

The war for independence

In May 1967, Emeka Ojukwu declared independence for Nigeria’s Eastern Region, naming it the Republic of Biafra for its coastal bay. His predominantly Christian Igbo community demanded cessation from the federation, which at that point was headed by the Hausa, a predominantly Islamic people. What followed was a blockade that led to the death of an estimated 1 to 3 million victims. On 10 January 1970, Biafra became once again became part of Nigeria.

Goede bedoelingen

Goede bedoelingen, de onvoorziene gevolgen van internationale noodhulp is het gereconstrueerde levensverhaal van tien oorlogskinderen die eind jaren zestig vanuit Biafra naar Nederland zijn gehaald.

Ze waren de mascottes van een gruwelijke oorlog. De kinderen van Biafra. Voor het eerst gingen beelden van uitgemergelde kinderen op televisie de hele wereld over. In 1968, tijdens de eerste grote Nederlandse hulpactie voor hongerend Afrika, kwamen tien van hen aan op Schiphol, om hier medische behandeling te krijgen. Iedereen was het erover eens: dit mogen we niet laten gebeuren! Red je een kind, dan red je de wereld.

Van deze actie resten nu, vijftig jaar later, een paar foto’s in een archief. Voor journaliste Marie Louise Schipper het begin van een lange speurtocht. Wie waren deze kinderen? Wat is er van hen geworden? Twee van hen bleven in Nederland. Zij groeiden apart van elkaar op, bij Hollandse families. De actie Luchtbrug Biafra betekende een ingrijpende wending in hun leven. Hoe kijken zij terug op dit initiatief vol goede bedoelingen?

Wat er met de andere acht was gebeurd, liet zich minder gemakkelijk ontrafelen. Waarom mocht de ernstig zieke Asuquo bijvoorbeeld niet hier blijven? Welk lot wachtte hem en de anderen na terugkeer? Hoe goed waren de intenties van de hulpverleners eigenlijk? Het antwoord op die vragen blijkt even verrassend als onthutsend.

Goede bedoelingen is niet alleen een aangrijpende reconstructie van de eerste grote Nederlandse hulpverleningsactie, het biedt ons ook inzicht in de keerzijde van de politiek van goede bedoelingen.

Deze reconstructie, waaraan ik ruim tien jaar heb gewerkt, werd op 27 oktober 2017 gepubliceerd onder de titel Goede bedoelingen bij uitgeverij Balans.

Bestel het boek hier